a) an average 500ml/hr into the circulation
b) proportional to interstitial fluid pressure
c) increased with decreased interstitial fluid protein
d) decreased with contraction of muscles
e) decreased with elevated capillary pressure
a) does not have a reflex like somatic nervous system
b) has dopamine as the main transmitter
c) has cholinergic division which increases activity of the intestinal musculature
and increases gastric secretion
d) neurotransmitter noradrenaline is metabolised by pseudocholinesterase
e) is not involved with visceral sensation
a) releasing Ca++ after an action potential
b) sliding on actin to produce shortening
c) binding to myosin during contraction
d) acting as a “relaxing protein” at rest by covering up the sites where myosin
binds to actin
e) generating ATP which passes to the contractile mechanism
a) is initiated by efflux of Na+
b) is terminated by efflux of K+
c) declines in amplitude as it moves along the axon
d) results in transient reversal of the concentration gradient of Na+
across the
cell membrane
e) is not associated with any net movement of Na+
or K+
across the cell
membrane
a) respiratory compensation in metabolic alkalosis is limited by carotid and aortic chemoreceptor response
b) HCO3 concentration will decrease in compensated respiratory acidosis
c) the rate of renal H+
secretion is not affected by PCO2 in respiratory acidosis
d) chloride excretion is decreased in respiratory acidosis
e) hepatic glutamine synthesis is decreased in chronic metabolic acidosis
a) increasing age
b) increasing pulmonary venous pressure
c) high expanding pressures
d) interstitial fibrosis
e) low lung volumes associated with hypoventilation
a) when arterial PO2 = 60mmHg, Hb saturation is ∼ 80%
b) when arterial PO2 = 40mmHg, Hb saturation is ∼ 75%
c) when arterial PO2 = 30mmHg, Hb saturation is ∼ 40%
d) acidosis shifts the curve to the left
e) decreased PCO2 shifts the curve to the right
a) angiotensin H
b) serotonin
c) leukotrienes
d) bradykinin
e) prostaglandin
a) dissolved CO2 has an insignificant role in the carriage of CO2 in the blood
b) HCO3 production is fast in plasma
c) ionic dissociation of carbonic acid in the red cell is fast without an enzyme
d) the CO2 concentration in blood is independent of the saturation of
haemoglobin with oxygen
e) the majority of CO2 is carried in the blood in the forms of dissolved CO2 and
carbamino-compounds
a) the shift to the right of the O2 dissociation curve caused by increased PCO2
b) the enhanced loading of CO2 iii the presence of deoxygenated Hb
c) the shift of chloride ions into red blood cells to balance HCO3 shift from
those cells
d) the action of carbonic anhydrase on carbonic acid
e) none of the above
