Justice Mukherjee C. J., speaking for the court, stated "that though the executive power is vested in the president, the president is only a formal or constitutional head of the executive. The real power is vested in the Council of Ministers on whose aid and advise the president acts in the exercise of his functions," in the following case
A. U. N. R. Rao v. Indira Gandhi
B. Ram Jawaya Kapur v. State of Punjab
C. Jayantilal Amratlal Shodan v. F. N. Rao
D. Sardarilal v. Union of India