A. Bent over
B. Badly leaning trees usually of the whip type
C. Both (a) & (b)
D. None of these

A. Which reach only about half to 5/8th of the height of the best trees with their leading shoots definitely overtopped by their neighbours
B. Al least shaded on all sides by the cm
C. A small tree of height typical of suppressed trees standing with its leader free in a chance gap should not be classed as D or D
D. All of the above

A. Which do not form part of the upper most leaf canopy
B. But the leading shoots of which are not definitely overtopped by the neighbouring trees
C. Both (a) & (b)
D. None of these

A. Predominant trees comprising all the largest trees which determine the general top level of the canopy
B. Codominant trees which fall short of this, averaging about 5/6th of the height of predominant
C. Trees with forked leader and similar defects
D. All of the above

A. Dominant trees (d)
B. Suppressed trees (s)
C. Dead and moribund trees (m)
D. Diseased trees (k)
E. All of the above

A. To redistribute the growth potential of the stand to optimum advantage
B. To utilize all the merchantable material produced by the stand during the rotation
C. Both (a) & (b)
D. None of these

A. Initial cost
B. Mortality
C. Number of years remaining before harvest
D. Interest rate at which pruning cost is compounded
E. All of the above

A. Choice of species
B. Choice of stand and site
C. Growth rate, size and age of tree to be pruned
D. Number and characteristics of tree to be pruned
E. All of the above

A. Pruning trees that are growing very slowly
B. Removing large branches
C. Eliminating too much of the live crown
D. Committing similar errors of judgment
E. All of the above

A. Unnecessary haste
B. Use of improper tools
C. Pruning during the growing season when the bark is loose
D. All of the above